As dogs enter their senior years, their bodies undergo significant changes. Why does this matter? Because recognizing and managing common health issues in senior dogs, such as arthritis, kidney disease, or cognitive decline, becomes crucial to maintaining their quality of life.

Let's explore the most frequent ailments that affect our aging canine companions and understand how we can support them better!

Cognitive Decline

As dogs age, their cognitive function can deteriorate, a condition often referred to as canine cognitive dysfunction or doggie dementia. Interestingly, studies reveal that approximately 28% of dogs between 11 and 12 years old show signs of cognitive decline, which jumps to 68% for dogs aged 15 to 16. 

These signs include disorientation, changes in social interactions (such as decreased interest in playing), sleep disturbances, loss of house training, and increased anxiety. The exact cause isn't always clear, but it's believed to result from a combination of age-related changes in the brain, including neuron loss, beta-amyloid plaque deposition, and neurotransmitter imbalances. 

This decline can significantly affect a dog's quality of life, as it may lead to increased dependence and anxiety, potentially causing stress for both the dog and its caregivers.

Here is a link to a study that provides statistics on cognitive decline in aging dogs: [Cognitive Decline in Aging Dogs: What To Know](https://vetmed.tamu.edu/news/cognitive-decline-in-aging-dogs/)

Cancer

Cancer is a predominant cause of mortality in older dogs, with reports suggesting that nearly 50% of dogs over the age of 10 will develop some form of cancer. Common types include lymphoma, mast cell tumors, and osteosarcoma, each presenting varied symptoms like persistent sores, unexpected weight loss, and unusual odors or discharges. 

The genesis of cancer in dogs is often attributed to mutations in a cell's DNA, influenced by both genetic predispositions and environmental factors. The ramifications of cancer in dogs are severe, frequently leading to pain, debilitation, and a drastically reduced lifespan, making early detection and management critical.

Heart Disease

Heart disease in senior dogs can manifest in several forms, such as valve deterioration or heart muscle weakening, known as dilated cardiomyopathy. By the time dogs reach their senior years, up to 60% might exhibit signs of heart disease depending on the breed, with symptoms including coughing, difficulty breathing, and lethargy. 

These conditions typically stem from age-related wear and tear on the heart, though genetic factors can also predispose certain breeds to cardiac issues. As heart disease progresses, it can escalate to heart failure, a serious condition where the heart struggles to effectively pump blood to meet the body's needs, drastically reducing a dog's activity levels and overall vitality.

Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is particularly prevalent among older dogs, impacting approximately 10% of dogs throughout their lifetime, with this risk significantly increasing as they age. 

This condition typically presents with symptoms such as increased thirst and urination, reduced appetite, weight loss, and lethargy. As dogs grow older, the kidneys' ability to filter waste and toxins from the blood gradually declines, often due to age-related changes or previous damage from infections, high blood pressure, or exposure to toxins. 

CKD can lead to a buildup of toxic substances in the blood, causing nausea and further loss of appetite, which creates a vicious cycle that progressively worsens the dog’s condition.

Urinary Tract Disease

Urinary tract issues, including infections and incontinence, are common in aging dogs, with up to 14% of dogs developing urinary tract infections (UTIs) at some point in their lives. 

These conditions manifest through symptoms such as frequent urination, pain during urination, bloody urine, and involuntary leakage of urine. Often stemming from a weakened urinary sphincter in older dogs, reduced immunity, or complications from other age-related diseases like diabetes, these issues can cause significant discomfort. 

They not only increase the risk of more severe infections but also impact the dog's hygiene and overall comfort, often necessitating more intensive care and management from pet owners.

Liver Disease

Liver disease is surprisingly common in older dogs due to decreased regenerative capacity and cumulative exposure to environmental toxins. 

Symptoms such as jaundice, lethargy, vomiting, and increased thirst are tell-tale signs. The accumulation of toxins due to liver insufficiency can severely impact a dog’s health, requiring vigilant dietary management and possibly medication to support liver function and maintain quality of life.

Diabetes

Diabetes affects up to 1 in 300 dogs, with the incidence significantly increasing with age. Senior dogs, particularly those who are overweight, are at a higher risk. The hallmark symptoms of diabetes in dogs include excessive thirst, increased urination, and unexplained weight loss.

Managing this condition in senior dogs often involves a combination of insulin therapy and dietary adjustments, emphasizing the importance of regular veterinary checkups for early detection and management.

Arthritis

Arthritis is one of the most common ailments affecting senior dogs, with estimates suggesting that up to 65% of dogs over the age of seven suffer from some form of arthritis. This condition can drastically affect a dog’s mobility and overall quality of life, manifesting as pain, stiffness, and reduced activity levels. 

Effective management typically includes a combination of pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin, and physical therapy.

Vision and Hearing Loss

Age-related vision and hearing loss affect a significant number of senior dogs. 

Symptoms such as hesitancy to navigate stairs or not responding to verbal cues can indicate sensory impairments. While these conditions are often irreversible, modifications in care and the home environment can help manage the impact on the dog’s life.

Dental Issues

Dental problems are extremely prevalent in senior dogs, with over 80% of dogs showing signs of dental disease by the age of three, which often worsens with age. 

Symptoms include bad breath, difficulty chewing, and visible tartar buildup. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings are crucial, as advanced dental disease can lead to significant systemic health issues, including heart disease and kidney infections.

Visit Dr. Jeff Werber’s Instagram account (@werbs_dvm) to view and submit questions and answers on weekly AMAs – or call and leave a voicemail at 424-835-0576. Your call will be returned posthaste. For emergencies, download Dr. Jeff Werber’s app Airvet, a video-chat option for veterinary needs at any time of day or night!